This special issue, “A Global Research Review on Organic Cotton,” is co-authored by ICAC Chief Scientist Dr Keshav R. Kranthi and Dr Sandhya Kranthi, who look beyond the extreme perspectives to focus on the facts. Rather than serving as a blanket defense of organic cotton or a dismissal of modern agricultural technologies, the authors evaluate decades of scientific literature covering the economics, environmental performance, certification vulnerabilities, and future trajectory of organic cotton production.

The scale of the shift

Organic agriculture remains a niche within global farming, but its footprint has expanded steadily. The review highlights that global organic farmland grew from approximately 14 million hectares in 2000 to 98.9 million hectares in 2023, representing 2.1% of all global agricultural land and involving more than 4.3 million certified organic producers.

Organic cotton has mirrored this momentum. Its share of global cotton production climbed from 1.08% in 2009 to approximately 2.8% in 2024. Over the past decade, production volume expanded nearly sixfold, rising from 112,483 tonnes in 2015 to 659,567 tonnes in 2024.

Core themes explored in the review

The Profitability Equation: Balancing lower input costs and organic price premiums against lower transition-period yields and certification expenses.

Agronomic Realities: Navigating the vulnerabilities of organic systems, including pest pressure, weed management challenges, and limited organic-specific technological development.

The Systemic Benefits: Documenting positive effects on soil health, biodiversity, ecosystem functioning, carbon sequestration, greenhouse gas mitigation, and reduced dependence on purchased agrochemicals.

The Integrity Challenge: Addressing the critical role of verification, chain-of-custody systems, audits, and robust traceability in protecting consumer trust and market credibility.

Navigating the “Input Paradox”

The review highlights a fundamental paradox in modern sustainability: while organic farming was originally conceived as a holistic, soil-centered philosophy, many modern certification systems have evolved into input-based frameworks focused primarily on lists of approved and prohibited substances.

This tension has helped fuel rising interest in regenerative agriculture. Unlike organic farming, regenerative systems focus more directly on measurable outcomes — such as soil carbon, biodiversity, resilience, and ecosystem function — while often offering farmers greater flexibility in managing production risks.

The road ahead

Ultimately, the ICAC review argues that the future of sustainable cotton production may depend less on rigid divisions between “organic” and “conventional” systems, and more on which approaches deliver the outcomes that matter most: healthier soils, resilient farming systems, credible traceability, stable farmer incomes, and reduced environmental impact.

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